Last updated: Nov 15, 24 04:26 UTC | Permalink

A mini-tutorial on MongoDB and Mongoose

This tutorial provides basic introduction to MondoDB and Mongoose:

Contents:

MongoDB Concepts
Mongoose representation of MongoDB Concepts
Databases, Collections, and Documents
ObjectIDs and References
Queries
Examples
Resources

MongoDB Concepts

An installation consists of a set of named databases.
A database consists of a set of named collections.
A collection consists of a set of documents.
A document is a set of (property,value) pairs.
A schema is a set of (property,type) pairs. All of the documents in a single collection should satisfy the same schema.

Mongoose representation of MongoDB Concepts

Databases, Collections, and Documents

Mongoose provides representations of MongoDB concepts in the TypeScript/JavaScript language.

In any given program mongoose refers to a particular database in a particular MongoDB instance. For example, executing

await mongoose.connect("mongodb://127.0.0.1:27017/pets");

causes mongoose to refer to the pets database in the local MongoDB instance.

A MongoDB schema is represented in Mongoose by an object of class mongoose.Schema. For example, executing

const kittySchema = new mongoose.Schema({
  name: String,
  color: String,
});

causes kittySchema to represent a Mongo schema with a single property, name, of type String.

References to other documents are represented by properties with type Types.ObjectID (more on this later)

In this document, we will use the terms ‘property’ and ‘field’ interchangeably.

A MongoDB collection of documents is represented in Mongoose by a TypeScript constructor created by mongoose.model. For example

const Kitten = mongoose.model("Kitten", kittySchema);

causes Kitten to refer to a collection named ‘Kitten’ in the current instance; all the documents in the Kitten collection should satisfy the schema represented by kittySchema.

A document with schema M is represented by a TypeScript object created by saying new C, where C is constructor created by mongoose.model. For example

const fluffy = new Kitten({ name: "fluffy", color: "black" });

creates a document intended for insertion in the collection named Kitten.

In Mongoose, creation of a document is separate from being inserted in a collection. So to actually insert fluffy in the Kitten collection, we need to execute

await fluffy.save();

Note that most of the operations that touch the database are asyncs.

ObjectIDs and References

In MongoDB, every document has a unique identifier, which is kept in its _id field.

Queries

In Mongoose, a query is a recipe for retrieving documents from a collection. There are lots of ways to do this. Here are some that work (for a collection called Dogs)

Dog.find(); // finds all documents in the `Dog` collection
Dog.findOne({ name: "Buddy" }); // finds one of the dogs named 'Buddy'
Dog.find({ breed: "Labrador" }); // finds all dogs of the given breed

These are all asyncs, so you need to await them.

The query syntax offers lots of methods for selecting, sorting, etc. Take a look at this example, which two very different ways of writing the same query:

// With a JSON doc
Person.find({
  occupation: /host/,
  "name.last": "Ghost",
  age: { $gt: 17, $lt: 66 },
  likes: { $in: ["vaporizing", "talking"] },
})
  .limit(10)
  .sort({ occupation: -1 })
  .select({ name: 1, occupation: 1 })
  .exec(callback);

// Using query builder
Person.find({ occupation: /host/ })
  .where("name.last")
  .equals("Ghost")
  .where("age")
  .gt(17)
  .lt(66)
  .where("likes")
  .in(["vaporizing", "talking"])
  .limit(10)
  .sort("-occupation")
  .select("name occupation")
  .exec(callback);

For small projects like the one in the course, it is probably preferable to use the simplest Mongoose queries you can, and then process the list of documents that the query returns.

There are some circumstances where it is helpful to the query do more work. Consider, for example, the following excerpt from models/application.ts

const q = await QuestionModel.findOneAndUpdate(
  { _id: new ObjectId(qid) },
  { $inc: { views: 1 } },
  { new: true }
).populate({ path: "answers", model: AnswerModel });
return q;

Here we are give an objectID qid. The call to .findOneAndUpdate first finds a document whose _id field matches qid. It then calls the document’s $inc method to increment its views field by 1. The default behavior of findOneAndUpdate is to return the original (unmodified) document. But that’s not what we wanted here, so we add a third argument { new: true } to return the updated document. All that would be hard to do except by making it part of findOneAndUpdate.

Examples

A simple example (i.e, example.ts) can be accessed here.